In order of likleyhood:
1) Connectivity problem
2) Mailbox Permissions (on server)
3) Corrupted Profile on Workstation
4) Corrupted Mailbox on Server
To Resolve:
1) Make sure you can ping the server from the client by IP and / or Name. If you can't you will need to troubleshoot the network connectivity. Try to connect from a different workstation.
2) The mailbox permissions may have gotten changed. This can be corrected in the Exchange administrator. Also, make sure the user didn't change the permissions on the mailbox themself, which you can do in the folder properties within outlook.
3) The workstation may have a corrupted profile for the user. Try connecting using a different computer. If it works, then something is wrong on the workstation, or in the users local profile (or roaming profile if you use such things)
4) The mailbox on the server could be corrupted. I have seen this happen extrodinarily rarely. You can check to see by attempting to log into the mailbox from a user with administrative permissions in exchange. If you still can't access the mailbox, then it is likely corrupted and you may need to pull a restore.