The most powerful computer in the world is IBM's Blue Gene/L.
Blue Gene/L is made up of approximately 32,000 two-processor nodes, giving it about 64,000 processors in total.
IBM constructed a 33,000 processor prototype of the system in 2004. IBM's prototype was benchmarked at 70.72 trillion calculations per second, or teraflops.
I found the following on wikipedia...
'Blue Gene/L Compute nodes use a minimal operating system supporting a single user program. Only a subset of POSIX calls are supported, and only one process may be run at a time. Programmers need to implement green threads in order to simulate local concurrency.
Application development is usually performed in C, C++, or Fortran using MPI for communication. However, some scripting languages such as Ruby have been ported to the compute nodes.'
Hope this helps you
Richard (giloi2007)
Although none of the articles specifically say the operating system, most modern supercomputers use variants of Linux or UNIX (see links below)